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You have saved a total of $200,000 over the past several years. Jane, a trusted business associate, recently approached you with an offer. She has offered you a partnership in a new firm that she expects to be exceedingly profitable. Your initial investment in the partnership would be $125,000. However, Jane cannot give you any odds on that success occurring. You have decided to keep your $125,000 and forego this opportunity simply because you don't know the probability of success. Which one of the following behavior characteristics do you have?


A) Aversion to ambiguity.
B) Recency bias.
C) Sentiment-based risk aversion.
D) Clustering illusion.
E) Money illusion.

F) C) and D)
G) D) and E)

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Overconfidence is best defined as:


A) The area of finance dealing with the implications of reasoning errors on financial decisions.
B) The belief that your abilities are better than they really are.
C) Taking an overly optimistic view of potential outcomes
D) Searching for (and giving more weight to) information and opinion that confirms what you believe rather than information and opinion to the contrary.
E) The tendency of individuals to make different (and potentially inconsistent) decisions depending on how a question or problem is framed.

F) A) and E)
G) B) and C)

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Explain the difference between a bubble and a crash.

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A bubble occurs when market prices soar ...

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Most investors would tend to agree that technology stocks were highly overvalued in the late 1990's. This time period is best described as a technology:


A) Crash
B) Circle
C) Bubble
D) Limit
E) Arbitrage

F) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

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Over-optimism is best defined as:


A) The area of finance dealing with the implications of reasoning errors on financial decisions.
B) The belief that your abilities are better than they really are.
C) Taking an overly optimistic view of potential outcomes
D) Searching for (and giving more weight to) information and opinion that confirms what you believe rather than information and opinion to the contrary.
E) The tendency of individuals to make different (and potentially inconsistent) decisions depending on how a question or problem is framed.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and B)

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The tendency for a decision maker to search for confirmation that a recent decision he or she made was a good decision represents which one of the following characteristics?


A) Over-confidence.
B) Over-optimism.
C) Affect heuristic.
D) Confirmation bias.
E) Representativeness heuristic.

F) C) and E)
G) B) and D)

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You don't particularly like to shop so only go to the mall once a month. To help make the trek more enjoyable, you always have lunch at the restaurant located inside the mall. Since you are such a creature of habit, you always order the same meal. You've noticed that the price of that meal has increased every time you have been there over the past six months. Thus, you expect the meal to increase in price next month. This is an example of which one of the following?


A) Recency bias.
B) Anchoring and adjustment.
C) Frame dependence.
D) Aversion to ambiguity.
E) Clustering illusion.

F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

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Historical returns support which one of the following statements?


A) Financial markets are highly inefficient as suggested by behavioral finance.
B) Professional money managers tend to outperform the Vanguard 500 index fund about 55 percent of the time on average.
C) The longer the time span, the more apt a professional money manager is to outperform an index fund, such as the S&P 500.
D) Historical data supports the statement that arbitrage is unlimited and results in a totally efficient market.
E) The financial markets appear to be efficient because, on average, they outperform professional money managers.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and E)

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Provide an explanation of anchoring and adjustment:

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Investors have an anchoring bias when th...

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Provide an explanation of the law of small numbers.

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If an investor believes in the law of sm...

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General rules used as the basis for decision making are referred to as:


A) A loss aversion technique.
B) Heuristics.
C) Self-attribution.
D) Narrow framing.
E) Confirmation bias.

F) B) and E)
G) None of the above

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Amy has been investing in stocks so she can accumulate sufficient money to purchase her own home. These savings are currently valued at $82,500. As recently as last month, her savings were worth in excess of $110,000. Today, Amy found the perfect house. She knows she can withdraw her savings to pay on this house and borrow the remaining balance from her father at zero percent interest. However, Amy is refusing now to buy any house until her savings increase in value back to their $110,000 previous valuation. Amy is displaying which one of the following behaviors?


A) Representativeness heuristic.
B) Loss aversion.
C) House money effect.
D) Under-confidence.
E) Confirmation bias.

F) A) and B)
G) B) and D)

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Which one of the following statements is true?


A) Market crashes tend to be accompanied by low market volume.
B) The Asian market crash was followed by a quick recovery.
C) The market crash of 1929 and the crash of 1987 are very similar in both the percentage decline in market value and in the ensuing market recovery.
D) Market crashes tend to follow market bubbles.
E) Market bubbles and crashes prove that financial markets are inefficient.

F) B) and D)
G) B) and C)

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Which one of the following is an investment risk that investors face in addition to firm-based risk and market-based risk?


A) Management-related risk.
B) Inflation risk.
C) Supply chain risk.
D) Interest rate risk.
E) Sentiment-based risk.

F) B) and E)
G) C) and E)

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Mike is a stock broker and financial planner. Phil is one of Mike's clients. Phil prefers to meet with Mike just once a year to review his investment portfolio. At their most recent meeting, Phil stated he believes the stock market is going to decline in value over the next six months. Thus, Phil instructed Mike to sell every stock he owns that is currently worth more than what he paid to purchase it. Phil also instructed Mike to retain any stock that would create a capital loss if sold. Phil is displaying the behavior known as:


A) Over-confidence.
B) Arbitrage theory.
C) The disposition effect.
D) The house money effect.
E) A confirmation bias.

F) B) and D)
G) A) and E)

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You are employed as a commission-based sales clerk for a cosmetics retail store. You know that on average; exactly 50 percent of the customers that enter your store will make at least one purchase. Thus far this morning, you have waited on eight customers without making a single sale. You are convinced that the next customer you wait on will buy something. This belief is known as:


A) Aversion to ambiguity.
B) The law of small numbers.
C) Anchoring and adjusting.
D) Gambler's fallacy.
E) False consensus.

F) B) and C)
G) A) and B)

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Provide a definition of representativeness heuristic.

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The reliance on ster...

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Professional fund managers that have tenures in excess of ten years, tend to consistently outperform the market on a long-term basis.

A) True
B) False

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Steve purchased a stock last year for $34 a share. The stock increased in value to $36 a share before declining to its current value of $30. Steve has decided to sell the stock, but only if he can receive $34 a share or better. Steve is suffering most from which one of the following behavioral conditions?


A) Representativeness heuristic.
B) House money.
C) False fallacy.
D) Randomness.
E) Arbitrage reaction.

F) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

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Stewart is a fellow finance student at your school who is addicted to day trading and thus buys and sells stocks between classes and over his lunch break. He never has time to really analyze a security so just trades the stock symbols that other investors appear to be trading. Stewart is which one of the following?


A) Noise trader.
B) Arbitrageur.
C) Crasher.
D) Regret averter.
E) Myopic loss averter.

F) C) and D)
G) A) and B)

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