Question 1

At home, Paul's parents hit him as punishment for misbehavior. At preschool, Paul angrily hits a playmate who takes his toy. According to social learning theory, Paul is displaying

Accepted Answer

A)   classical conditioning.
B)   operant conditioning.
C)   behavior modification.
D)   observational learning.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 2

One strength of longitudinal studies is that investigators can

Accepted Answer

A)   collect a large amount of data in a short time span.
B)   explore similarities among different aged participants at the same time.
C)   ensure that participants adequately represent the population of interest.
D)   examine relationships between early and later events and behaviors.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 3

Both __________ and __________ emphasize many possible courses of development.

Accepted Answer

A)   the psychoanalytic perspective; ethology
B)   ethology; evolutionary developmental psychology
C)   cognitive-developmental theory; behaviorism
D)   behaviorism; social learning theoryE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 4

In natural, or quasi-, experiments,

Accepted Answer

A)   random assignment helps protect against reduction in the accuracy of the findings.
B)   researchers combine random assignment with the matching technique.
C)   cause-and-effect inferences cannot be made.
D)   lack of random assignment substantially reduces the precision of the research.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 5

Unlike Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, the information-processing approach

Accepted Answer

A)   uses clinical interviews to determine a child's stage of development.
B)   does not divide development into stages.
C)   characterizes each developmental stage by qualitatively distinct ways of thinking.
D)   views development as a discontinuous process.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 6

Theorists who believe that children who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages typically stress the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)   heredity.
B)   stages.
C)   nurture.
D)   plasticity.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 7

Why are ethical concerns heightened when children take part in research? How is informed consent used with children?

Accepted Answer

The quest for scientific knowledge can s...

Question 8

All contemporary child development theories view children as

Accepted Answer

A)   naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong.
B)   passive and emotionally fragile.
C)   adults in training.
D)   active, purposeful beings.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 9

Using the __________ design, researchers observe how developmental change occurs.

Accepted Answer

A)   longitudinal
B)   cross-sectional
C)   sequential
D)   microgeneticE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 10

Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory

Accepted Answer

A)   was developed through careful observations of his own children.
B)   emphasizes that how parents manage their child's fears is crucial for healthy sexual development.
C)   emphasizes five parts of the personality that become integrated during a sequence of three stages.
D)   was developed through having emotionally troubled adults talk freely about painful events of their childhoods.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 11

Observations of imprinting led to which of the following major concepts in child development?

Accepted Answer

A)   behavior modification
B)   observational learning
C)   the critical period
D)   the chronosystemE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 12

In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child's reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the

Accepted Answer

A)   type of phonics instruction.
B)   number of children in the experiment.
C)   child's reading level in third grade.
D)   frequency of phonics instruction.E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 13

According to __________, children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

Accepted Answer

A)   the normative approach
B)   behaviorism
C)   social learning theory
D)   the psychoanalytic perspectiveE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 14

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory,

Accepted Answer

A)   development must be understood in relation to each child's culture.
B)   children's sense of self-efficacy guides their responses in particular situations.
C)   children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
D)   children's learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 15

Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development because the investigator

Accepted Answer

A)   studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.
B)   randomly assigns participants to treatment conditions.
C)   tracks the performance of each person over time.
D)   conducts quasi-experiments, comparing conditions that already exist.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 16

Which of the following statements about emerging adulthood is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is a period of development that spans from age 15 to 21 years.
B)   It is a period of development unique to underdeveloped nations.
C)   Although emerging adults have moved beyond adolescence, they have not yet fully assumed adult roles.
D)   It is a period of development mostly limited to young people in developing nations.E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 17

Describe the contributions and limitations of behaviorism and social learning theory to the scientific study of human development.

Accepted Answer

According to behaviorism, directly obser...

Question 18

The independent variable is the one

Accepted Answer

A)   the investigator expects to be influenced by another variable.
B)   that is randomly assigned.
C)   that shows the strength of the correlational relationship.
D)   the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the correlational design is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   Researchers gather information on individuals and make no effort to alter their experiences.
B)   Unlike the experimental design, it permits inferences of cause and effect.
C)   Researchers use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions.
D)   In an experiment, the events and behaviors of interest are divided into independent and dependent variables.E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 20

In a research study, 10-year-old Joe was given a pile of blocks varying in size, shape, and weight and was asked to build a bridge over a "river" (painted on a floor map)  that was too wide for any single block to span. The researcher carefully tracked Joe's efforts using a flowchart. The researcher was probably applying which recent theoretical perspective?

Accepted Answer

A)   ecological systems theory
B)   evolutionary developmental psychology
C)   information processing
D)   sociocultural theoryE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Exam 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies

Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development because the investigator

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following statements about emerging adulthood is true?

Correct Answer
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Which of the following statements about the correlational design is true?

Correct Answer
verified

Both and emphasize many possible courses of development.

Correct Answer
verified

According to __________, children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

Correct Answer
verified

Describe the contributions and limitations of behaviorism and social learning theory to the scientific study of human development.

Correct Answer
verified
According to behaviorism, directly obser...
View Answer

Observations of imprinting led to which of the following major concepts in child development?

Correct Answer
verified

In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child's reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the

Correct Answer
verified

Using the __________ design, researchers observe how developmental change occurs.

Correct Answer
verified

Why are ethical concerns heightened when children take part in research? How is informed consent used with children?

Correct Answer
verified
The quest for scientific knowledge can s...
View Answer

In natural, or quasi-, experiments,

Correct Answer
verified

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory,

Correct Answer
verified

Unlike Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, the information-processing approach

Correct Answer
verified

Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory

Correct Answer
verified

Theorists who believe that children who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages typically stress the importance of

Correct Answer
verified

At home, Paul's parents hit him as punishment for misbehavior. At preschool, Paul angrily hits a playmate who takes his toy. According to social learning theory, Paul is displaying

Correct Answer
verified

One strength of longitudinal studies is that investigators can

Correct Answer
verified

All contemporary child development theories view children as

Correct Answer
verified

The independent variable is the one

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies

Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development because the investigator

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements about emerging adulthood is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements about the correlational design is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Both __________ and __________ emphasize many possible courses of development.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to __________, children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe the contributions and limitations of behaviorism and social learning theory to the scientific study of human development.

Correct AnswerverifiedAccording to behaviorism, directly obser...View AnswerShow Answer

Observations of imprinting led to which of the following major concepts in child development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child's reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Using the __________ design, researchers observe how developmental change occurs.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why are ethical concerns heightened when children take part in research? How is informed consent used with children?

Correct AnswerverifiedThe quest for scientific knowledge can s...View AnswerShow Answer

In natural, or quasi-, experiments,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Unlike Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, the information-processing approach

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Theorists who believe that children who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages typically stress the importance of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

At home, Paul's parents hit him as punishment for misbehavior. At preschool, Paul angrily hits a playmate who takes his toy. According to social learning theory, Paul is displaying

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One strength of longitudinal studies is that investigators can

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All contemporary child development theories view children as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The independent variable is the one

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Both and emphasize many possible courses of development.

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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According to behaviorism, directly obser...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
verified
The quest for scientific knowledge can s...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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