Question 1

Linnaeus began naming organisms that were alike by using Latin names, he gave each organism two names; for example a wolf is called Canis lupis by scientists. What type of naming system is this and what group does "lupis" designate?

Accepted Answer

A)   Binomial nomenclature; genus.
B)   Binomial nomenclature; species.
C)   Zoological nomenclature; genus.
D)   Zoological nomenclature; species.
E)   Both binomial and zoological nomenclature; species are correct.F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

Question 2

A modern goal of systematics is to create taxa based on similarity of form and function, regardless of evolutionary relationships.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

How does the phenomenon of horizontal gene transfer muddle the concept of monophyletic groups?

Accepted Answer

A)   Horizontal gene transfer makes it impossible to distinguish monophyletic groups.
B)   Monophyletic groups are based on the concept that a particular group of species descended from a common ancestor. When horizontal gene transfer occurs, not all of the genes in a species were inherited from the common ancestor.
C)   Since horizontal gene transfer includes transfer from one group of species to another group with a common ancestor, there is no muddling of the concept of monophyletics.
D)   All of these are correct.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 4

Which concept states that " the preferred hypothesis is the one that is the simplest for all the characters and their states" when deciding which hypothesis to accept when deciphering a cladogram?

Accepted Answer

A)   Maximum likelihood.
B)   Principle of parsimony.
C)   Bayesian method.
D)   Both Maximum likelihood and Bayesian method.
E)   Both the Molecular clock and Maximum likelihood.F) A) and B)
G) A) and C) B

Question 5

Thick-skinned rhinoceroses and elephants were once classified together as pachyderms. They actually descended from different ancestors that in turn evolved from a thin-skinned common ancestor that was not included in the pachyderms. Pachyderms were therefore, as a taxon,

Accepted Answer

A)   polyphyletic.
B)   polygenetic.
C)   paraphyletic.
D)   a supergroup.
E)   a kingdom.F) A) and D)
G) B) and E)

Question 6

If the genus Quercus (oaks)  is monophyletic, then this means that

Accepted Answer

A)   all species of oaks grow in similar habitats.
B)   oaks all have nearly identical appearance.
C)   all species of oaks are descended from a common ancestor.
D)   oaks cannot be classified in a single family or order.
E)   all species of trees are classified as being in a single order.F) B) and C)
G) A) and E)

Question 7

Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Methods

Accepted Answer

A)   involve the use of an evolutionary model.
B)   are a set of assumptions about how evolution is likely to happen.
C)   can be applied along with the principle of parsimony.
D)   ask the questions "what is the probability that an evolutionary model and proposed phylogenetic tree . would give rise to the observed data and what is the probability that a particular phylogenetic tree is correct given the observed data and particular evolutionary model" respectively.
E)   involve the use of an evolutionary model; are a set of assumptions about how evolution is likely to happen; can be applied along with the principle of parsimony and ask the questions "what is the probability that an evolutionary model and proposed phylogenetic tree would give rise to the observed data and what is the probability that a particular phylogenetic tree is correct given the observed data and particular evolutionary model" respectively.F) B) and E)
G) B) and D)

Question 8

The shaded group includes all of the species that were derived from one common ancestor, this group  could also be called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   polyphyetic taxon.
B)   paraphyletic taxon.
C)   phylum.
D)   homology.
E)   clade.F) A) and E)
G) B) and D)

Question 9

When you are classifying a species based on evolutionary relationships, a phylotenetic tree is then being used as a ___.

Accepted Answer

A)   node.
B)   speciation plan.
C)   morphological cut off point.
D)   molecular diagram.
E)   cladogram.F) A) and E)
G) B) and E)

Question 10

The three phylogenetic trees above all contain the same members, all have a common ancestor, but are divided up in three different ways. Which tree has members circled that are of several evolutionary lines and does not include the most recent common ancestor of the included lineages? What is this  type of group is this?

Accepted Answer

A)   Tree 3; polyphyletic.
B)   Tree 2; polyphyletic.
C)   Tree 1; monophyletic.
D)   Tree 3; monophyletic.
E)   Tree 2; paraphyletic.F) A) and B)
G) None of the above

Question 11

Use the principle of parsimony and molecular genetic data to choose a phylogenetic tree for your  
hypothesis of how the species were derived from the ancestor.

Accepted Answer

A)   Tree 1 requires the most mutations therefore it would be the best choice.
B)   Tree 2 requires 4 mutations while Tree 1 requires 6 mutations therefore Tree 2 would be the best choice.
C)   Tree 2 requires the least mutations, therefore it would be the best choice.
D)   Tree 2 requires 5 mutations while Tree 1 requires 7 mutations therefore Tree 2, with the least mutations, would be the best choice.
E)   Tree 1 requires 7 mutations and Tree 2 requires 4 mutations, therefore Tree 2 would be the best choice.F) None of the above
G) B) and D)

Question 12

Moss  Fen  Conifer  Flowering Plant  Chloropliyllis a&b Yes  Yes  Yes  Yes  Vascular tisste  No  Yes  Yes  Yes  Seeds  No  No  Yes  Yes  Flower:  No  No  No  Yes  \begin{array}{ll} & 	ext { Moss }& 	ext {  Fen }& 	ext {  Conifer  }& 	ext { Flowering Plant } \ 	ext { Chloropliyllis } a \& b & 	ext { Yes }& 	ext { Yes  }& 	ext { Yes  }& 	ext { Yes } \ 	ext { Vascular tisste } & 	ext { No  }& 	ext { Yes  }& 	ext { Yes  }& 	ext { Yes } \ 	ext { Seeds } & 	ext { No }& 	ext {  No }& 	ext {  Yes  }& 	ext { Yes } \ 	ext { Flower: } & 	ext { No }& 	ext {  No  }& 	ext { No  }& 	ext { Yes }\end{array}  Chloropliyllis a&b Vascular tisste  Seeds  Flower: ​ Moss  Yes  No  No  No ​ Fen  Yes  Yes  No  No ​ Conifer  Yes  Yes  Yes  No ​ Flowering Plant  Yes  Yes  Yes  Yes ​ 
 Given the following list of characteristics:
 Which of the following would be considered to be a synapomorphy of conifers and flowering plants?

Accepted Answer

A)   Chlorophylls a & b
B)   Vascular tissue.
C)   Seeds.
D)   Flowers.
E)   Both chlofophyls a & b and vascular tissue. F) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

Question 13

When you look at a phylogenetic tree of reptile classes, turtles, lizards and snake, and crocodiles are grouped together and birds are set off to the side but with a common ancestor for both groups. This would

Accepted Answer

A)   be a monophyletic tree.
B)   be a paraphyletic tree.
C)   be a polyphyletic tree.
D)   have the taxonomy wrong because birds should be included with the others to make it a monophyletic tree.
E)   be a paraphyletic tree but the taxonomy wrong, because birds should be included with the others to make it a monophyletic tree.F) A) and D)
G) A) and E) E

Question 14

When researchers calibrate the molecular clock they are

Accepted Answer

A)   determining how much time it takes to accumulate a certain percentage of nucleotide changes.
B)   setting the geological time scale according to the position in which the fossil was found in the rock.
C)   investigating where the least common ancestor was found.
D)   generalizing about the amount of time between speciations.
E)   setting the geological time scale according to the position in which the fossil was found in the rock . and investigating where the least common ancestor was found.F) B) and E)
G) All of the above

Question 15

Once organisms are classified as to their domain, there are still millions of different species in each domain. Subdividing them even further makes it easier to understand their relationships to each other. A domain is divided into more subgroups until genus species is reached. Which of the groups listed is the broader group (contains more members) ?

Accepted Answer

A)   Order.
B)   Class.
C)   Family.
D)   Phylum.
E)   Kingdom.F) A) and C)
G) B) and E)

Question 16

Which pair of species would be expected to have fewer genetic differences: orangutans and gorillas or  gorillas and humans? Why?

Accepted Answer

A)   Gorillas and humans because their common ancestor (
C)   is more recent than that of orangutans and gorillas (
B)  .
B)   Gorillas and humans because their common ancestor (
B)   is more recent than that of orangutans and gorillas (
D)  .
C)   Gorillas and orangutans because their common ancestor (
C)   is more recent than that of humans and gorillas (
B)  .
D)   Humans and orangutans because their common ancestor (
C)   is more recent than that of orangutans and gorillas (
D)  .E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

Moss Fern Conufer Flowering Plant  Chlotophylls a & b Yes Yes Yes Yes  Vascular tusue  No Yes Yes Yes  Seeds  No No Yes Yes  Fowers No No No Yes  \begin{array}{ll}& 	ext { Moss } & 	ext {Fern} & 	ext { Conufer} & 	ext { Flowering Plant } \	ext { Chlotophylls } a 	ext { \& } b & 	ext { Yes } & 	ext {Yes} & 	ext { Yes} & 	ext { Yes } \  	ext { Vascular tusue } & 	ext { No } & 	ext {Yes} & 	ext { Yes} & 	ext { Yes } \	ext { Seeds } & 	ext { No} & 	ext { No} & 	ext { Yes } & 	ext {Yes } \	ext { Fowers } & 	ext {No} & 	ext { No} & 	ext { No} & 	ext { Yes }\end{array}  Chlotophylls a & b Vascular tusue  Seeds  Fowers ​ Moss  Yes  No  NoNo​FernYesYes No No​ Conufer Yes Yes Yes  No​ Flowering Plant  Yes  Yes Yes  Yes ​ 
Given the following list of characteristics:
 Which of the following would be considered to be a symplesiomorphy of mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants?

Accepted Answer

A)   Chlorophylls a & b
B)   Vascular tissue.
C)   Seeds.
D)   Flowers.
E)   Both flowers and vascular tissue. F) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

Question 18

Mammals and birds are descendents of reptiles, but are not included within the taxon Reptilia. As a taxon Reptilia is

Accepted Answer

A)   polyphyletic.
B)   polygenetic.
C)   paraphyletic.
D)   a supergroup.
E)   a kingdom.F) A) and D)
G) B) and C) C

Question 19

Horizontal gene transfer is thought to have been an important factor in the early evolution of the three domains.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Can two different species, from the same clade, have more than one common ancestor? Choose the MOST correct answer and explanation.

Accepted Answer

A)   No, if they are a clade then you have to assume that they have the same common ancestor.
B)   No. They can have many common ancestors, depending on how far back you go in the tree. They cannot have more than one most recent common ancestor.
C)   Maybe. Only a paraphyletic clade would have more than one common ancestors.
D)   Yes. Dogs and cats have a common ancestor that gave rise to mammals, and an older common ancestor that gave rise to vertebrates. The most recent common ancestor is the point at which two species diverged from each other.
E)   Yes. If they are related then they must have common ancestors all along the way. Doesn't everyone?F) C) and D)
G) A) and D)

Exam 26: Taxonomy and Systematics

Linnaeus began naming organisms that were alike by using Latin names, he gave each organism two names; for example a wolf is called Canis lupis by scientists. What type of naming system is this and what group does "lupis" designate?

Correct Answer
verified

A modern goal of systematics is to create taxa based on similarity of form and function, regardless of evolutionary relationships.

Correct Answer
verified

How does the phenomenon of horizontal gene transfer muddle the concept of monophyletic groups?

Correct Answer
verified

Which concept states that " the preferred hypothesis is the one that is the simplest for all the characters and their states" when deciding which hypothesis to accept when deciphering a cladogram?

Correct Answer
verified
B

Thick-skinned rhinoceroses and elephants were once classified together as pachyderms. They actually descended from different ancestors that in turn evolved from a thin-skinned common ancestor that was not included in the pachyderms. Pachyderms were therefore, as a taxon,

Correct Answer
verified

If the genus Quercus (oaks) is monophyletic, then this means that

Correct Answer
verified

Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Methods

Correct Answer
verified

The shaded group includes all of the species that were derived from one common ancestor, this group could also be called a(n)

Correct Answer
verified

When you are classifying a species based on evolutionary relationships, a phylotenetic tree is then being used as a ___.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Use the principle of parsimony and molecular genetic data to choose a phylogenetic tree for your hypothesis of how the species were derived from the ancestor.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

When you look at a phylogenetic tree of reptile classes, turtles, lizards and snake, and crocodiles are grouped together and birds are set off to the side but with a common ancestor for both groups. This would

Correct Answer
verified
E

When researchers calibrate the molecular clock they are

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
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Which pair of species would be expected to have fewer genetic differences: orangutans and gorillas or gorillas and humans? Why?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Mammals and birds are descendents of reptiles, but are not included within the taxon Reptilia. As a taxon Reptilia is

Correct Answer
verified
C

Horizontal gene transfer is thought to have been an important factor in the early evolution of the three domains.

Correct Answer
verified

Can two different species, from the same clade, have more than one common ancestor? Choose the MOST correct answer and explanation.

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 26: Taxonomy and Systematics

Linnaeus began naming organisms that were alike by using Latin names, he gave each organism two names; for example a wolf is called Canis lupis by scientists. What type of naming system is this and what group does "lupis" designate?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A modern goal of systematics is to create taxa based on similarity of form and function, regardless of evolutionary relationships.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How does the phenomenon of horizontal gene transfer muddle the concept of monophyletic groups?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which concept states that " the preferred hypothesis is the one that is the simplest for all the characters and their states" when deciding which hypothesis to accept when deciphering a cladogram?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Thick-skinned rhinoceroses and elephants were once classified together as pachyderms. They actually descended from different ancestors that in turn evolved from a thin-skinned common ancestor that was not included in the pachyderms. Pachyderms were therefore, as a taxon,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If the genus Quercus (oaks) is monophyletic, then this means that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Methods

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The shaded group includes all of the species that were derived from one common ancestor, this group could also be called a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When you are classifying a species based on evolutionary relationships, a phylotenetic tree is then being used as a ___.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Use the principle of parsimony and molecular genetic data to choose a phylogenetic tree for your hypothesis of how the species were derived from the ancestor.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When you look at a phylogenetic tree of reptile classes, turtles, lizards and snake, and crocodiles are grouped together and birds are set off to the side but with a common ancestor for both groups. This would

Correct AnswerverifiedE

When researchers calibrate the molecular clock they are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which pair of species would be expected to have fewer genetic differences: orangutans and gorillas or gorillas and humans? Why?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Mammals and birds are descendents of reptiles, but are not included within the taxon Reptilia. As a taxon Reptilia is

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Horizontal gene transfer is thought to have been an important factor in the early evolution of the three domains.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Can two different species, from the same clade, have more than one common ancestor? Choose the MOST correct answer and explanation.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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B

Correct Answer
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E

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C

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