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Exam 10: More on Experiments: Confounding and Obscuring Variables

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Question 31

Multiple Choice

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Which of the following things CANNOT be done to reduce measurement error?

A) Using more precise measurements
B) Using more reliable measurements
C) Using a pretest/posttest design
D) Collecting measurements from more people
E) All of the above can be done to reduce measurement error

F) All of the above
G) B) and E)

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Question 32

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RESEARCH STUDY 10.2 Dr. Bloedorn is a health psychologist who researches nutrition. She is curious as to whether a new drink additive will help people consume fewer calories during a meal. The drink additive is a white, odorless, tasteless powder that a person can add to any drink. She collects a random sample of 63 overweight students on campus and measures the calories they eat during lunch, using a bomb calorimeter. She then gives this additive to the same 63 participants to use at dinner and measures how many calories they eat (again, using the bomb calorimeter) . -Refer to Research Study 10.2 above to answer the following question. The addition of a group that does not use the drink additive but adds a similar-looking substance that they think is the additive would help Dr.Bloedorn address which of the following threats to internal validity?

A) History
B) Observer bias
C) Instrumentation
D) Placebo effects
E) All of the above

F) All of the above
G) B) and D)

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Question 33

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What is a double-blind study? Explain how this design addresses both the issue of demand characteristics and the issue of observer bias.

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1 In previous studies, Dr. Schulenberg has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity) . He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group) . The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group) . He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. -Refer to Research Study 10.1 above to answer the following question. Imagine that in Dr.Schulenberg's study,he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam.When he looks at the results of the final exam,he notices that all the students' exam scores went down.Given this information,which of the following threats might be present in his study?

To be a history threat,the external event must occur:

In what way does high within-groups variance obscure between-groups variance?

Refer to Research Study 10.4 above to answer the following question. Provide three reasons why Armand's study may have resulted in null effects.

A decrease in participants' scores on a measure from pretest to posttest could suggest which of the following threats to internal validity?

RESEARCH STUDY 10.1 In previous studies, Dr. Schulenberg has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity) . He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group) . The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group) . He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. -Refer to Research Study 10.1 above to answer the following question. Imagine that in Dr.Schulenberg's study,he notes that all of the students do extremely well on the midterm exam.When he looks at the results of the final exam,he notices that all the students' exam scores went down.Which of the following pattern of results would suggest that there is a threat to internal validity?

Which of the following studies would NOT have a possible threat of observer bias?