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Exam 46: Population Ecology

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Question 51

True/False

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The intrinsic growth rate is the maximum per capita growth rate, most readily achieved when no environmental factors limit population increase.

A) True
B) False

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Question 52

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Which of the following would be considered a density-dependent factor that could affect population growth?

A) frost
B) droughts
C) resources
D) fire
E) severe weather

F) A) and B)
G) A) and D)

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Question 53

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Because most natural populations are actually metapopulations, we can only understand their dynamics if, in addition to the births and deaths of individuals, we also understand:

The figures below represent three hypothetical populations; each circle is an individual. Select the pattern above that describes the following scenario: Individuals are distributed randomly within the environment.

As a population approaches its carrying capacity, its growth rate:

In 1987, 18 black-footed ferrets, the last known individuals of this species, were captured and brought into a captive breeding program in Wyoming. In 1989, the total ferret population, still in captivity, was 120 animals. Given r = (N/t) /N₁, and based on the numbers provided, the per capita growth rate from 1987 to 1989 was:

As a population approaches its carrying capacity, how does its growth change?

Giant clams synchronize their reproduction with the phases of the moon. During these reproductive bouts a single clam can release approximately 500 million eggs to be fertilized in the water column by sperm released from other clams. However, the population sizes of giant clams are very low because many of the fertilized eggs and larvae will be eaten by fish in the local area. Based on this information, what can be said of the reproductive strategy of the giant clam?

Consider the data in Figure 46.11 illustrating the survivorship curve of the lime swallowtail butterfly. As indicated in your text, the survivorship from the egg to larval stage is 68%. Calculate the survivorship from the egg to pupal stage. a. $\begin{array} { l l l l } \text { Stage } & \text { Approximate duration } & \text { Number alive } & \text { Survivorship } \\ \text { Egg } & 5 \text { days } & 250 & 0.68 \\ \text { Larva } & 18 \text { days } & 170 & 0.93 \\ \text { Pupa } & 15 \text { days } & 158 & 0.45 \\ \text { Adult } & 5 \text { days } & 71 & \end{array}$ b.

An individual E. coli bacterium, much like a population of E. coli, can evolve antibiotic resistance.

Natural populations are affected by both density-dependent and density-independent factors. In a population affected mainly by density-independent factors, would you expect natural selection to favor an r-selected or K-selected life history?

Many species of fish are found in schools, large groups of conspecifics all swimming with one another. Which of the following terms best describes the distribution of schooling fish?

Consider the data in Figure 46.11 illustrating the survivorship curve of the lime swallowtail butterfly. As indicated in your text, the survivorship from the egg to larval stage is 68%. Calculate the survivorship from the larval to pupal stage. a. $\begin{array} { l l l l } \text { Stage } & \text { Approximate duration } & \text { Number alive } & \text { Survivorship } \\ \text { Egg } & 5 \text { days } & 250 & 0.68 \\ \text { Larva } & 18 \text { days } & 170 & 0.93 \\ \text { Pupa } & 15 \text { days } & 158 & 0.45 \\ \text { Adult } & 5 \text { days } & 71 & \end{array}$ b.

You are studying the island biogeography of birds in the Caribbean islands and find a species-area relationship with a constant, c = 8.1, and an exponent, x = 0.15. Recall that the species-area relationship is defined as S = cA^x. How many bird species would you expect to find on an island of 240 mi²?

A marine ecologist counts the number of octopuses in three different intertidal regions that each measure 2 hectares. The octopus counts are 7, 2, and 6 respectively. What is the BEST estimate of population density for this particular species of octopus?

A severe drought is an example of a density-_____ factor that can influence population size. The availability of nest sites is an example of a density-_____ factor.

As a rough estimate, the species-area relationship derived from the theory of island biogeography predicts that a 90% reduction of habitat area results in a _____% loss of species diversity if no other factors are taken into account.

Giant clams synchronize their reproduction with the phases of the moon. During these reproductive bouts a single clam can release approximately 500 million eggs to be fertilized in the water column by sperm released from other clams. However, the population sizes of giant clams are very low because many of the fertilized eggs and larvae will be eaten by fish in the local area. What type of survivorship curve would you expect to see in giant clams?

A researcher knows the geographic range of a population of butterflies. Given only this information, what else can she deduce about this butterfly population?

_____ is the proportion of individuals of an initial cohort that survives to each successive age or stage of the life cycle.